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<p>٠ا ÙØ¨Ø« Ø£Ù ÙÙØ´Ø± ÙØªØ§Ø¨ Ø£ØµÙ Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙØ§Ø¹ ÙØ¹Ø§ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£ØÙاء Ø§ÙØ¨Ø±ÙطاÙÙ «ØªØ´Ø§Ø±Ùز دارÙÙÙ-Charles Darwin» ÙÙ 24 ÙÙÙ٠بر عا٠1859 ØØªÙ Ø£Ø«ÙØ± Ø§ÙØ¬Ø¯Ù ØÙÙ Ø£Ø·Ø±ÙØØ§Øª دارÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙØªØ§Ø¨. ÙØ§ÙÙÙ٠تعد ÙØ¸Ø±ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر Ø¥ØØ¯Ù Ø£Ø³Ø§Ø³ÙØ§Øª عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£ØÙØ§Ø¡Ø ÙØ§ÙØªØ·ÙØ± ØÙÙÙØ© ÙØ§ جدا٠ÙÙÙØ§. ÙØ¯ ØªØªØºÙØ± بعض ØªÙØ§ØµÙÙ ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙÙØ© ÙØ£Ù ÙØ¸Ø±ÙØ© عÙÙ ÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙ ØµÙØ±ØªÙا اÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ ÙÙØ³Ø±Ø© ÙØªØ¨Ø§ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£ÙÙØ§Ø¹ ÙØ§ÙÙØµØ§Ø¦Ù ÙÙ Ø§ÙØµÙرة Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙ ÙØ© اÙÙØÙØ¯Ø© اÙÙ ÙØ¨ÙÙØ© اÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙØ³Ø· Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙ Ù. ÙÙØªØ¨ÙÙ ÙÙØ§ ÙØ°Ø§ Ù Ù Ù Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹Ø© ضخ٠ة Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© ٠٠٠ختÙÙ ÙØ±Ùع Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙÙ Ø ÙÙÙØ°Ø§ ÙÙ ÙØ§ Ø¨ØªØ®ØµÙØµ ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ³ÙØ³ÙØ© ÙØ¹Ø±Ø¶ Ø£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر اÙ٠ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ§ÙÙÙ٠سÙÙØ§ÙØ´ Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶ÙØ§ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر. <br><br>ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙØ±Ù ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© عÙÙÙØ§ Ø£Ù ÙØ¹Ø±Ù ٠ا ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙØ®ØªØµ Ø¨ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙÙØ¹ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ©.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">«Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØ اÙÙ ÙØ§Ø±Ù-Comparative anatomy»</h2>



<p>ÙÙÙÙØ§ ÙØªØ¹Ø±Ù٠اÙÙ ÙØ³Ùعة Ø§ÙØ¨Ø±ÙطاÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØ Ø§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø±Ù Ù٠دراسة Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¬Ø³Ø¯ÙØ© ÙÙØÙÙØ§Ùات اÙ٠ختÙÙØ© Ù٠سبÙÙ Ù Ø¹Ø±ÙØ© اÙ٠سار Ø§ÙØªØ·ÙØ±Ù Ø§ÙØ°Ù سÙÙØªÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØØ¯Ø§Ø±ÙØ§ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø³Ùا٠اÙÙ Ø´ØªØ±ÙØ© [1]. ÙØ¨Ùاء عÙÙÙ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ù٠اء Ø¨ØªÙØ³ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© اÙÙ Ø´ØªØ±ÙØ© بÙ٠اÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات Ø§ÙØÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ ÙØ³Ù ÙÙØ ÙÙ٠ا «Ø§ÙبÙÙ٠اÙÙ ØªÙØ§Ø¯Ø¯Ø©-Homologous structures»Ø ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙ ØªØ¤Ø¯Ù ÙØ¸Ø§Ø¦Ù ٠ختÙÙØ© ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¦Ùات ØÙØ© ٠ختÙÙØ© ÙÙÙÙÙØ§ ت٠تÙ٠ترÙÙØ¨Ø© Ù ØªØ´Ø§Ø¨ÙØ©Ø ÙØ§ÙÙØ³Ù Ø§ÙØ«Ø§ÙÙ ÙÙ «Ø§ÙبÙÙ٠اÙÙ ØªÙ Ø§Ø«ÙØ©-Analogous structures» ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙ ØªØ¤Ø¯Ù ÙØ¸Ø§Ø¦Ù Ù ØªØ´Ø§Ø¨ÙØ© بÙ٠اÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات Ø§ÙØÙØ© ÙÙÙÙÙØ§ ت٠تÙ٠تراÙÙØ¨Ùا ٠ختÙÙØ© ÙØ¸Ø±Ùا ÙØ§Ø®ØªÙا٠اÙ٠سÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ·ÙØ±Ù ÙØ¯Ù اÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات اÙ٠ختÙÙØ©. [2]<br><br>ÙØ§Ùآ٠بعد أ٠عرÙÙØ§ ٠ا ÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØ Ø§ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø±ÙØ ÙÙØ³ØªØ¹Ø±Ø¶ Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶ÙØ§ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ© ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø±Ùات ÙØ£ØØ¯ Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر</h2>



<p>تخÙÙ Ù Ø¹Ù Ø¹Ø²ÙØ²Ù اÙÙØ§Ø±Ø¦ ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙ٠اÙ٠ختÙÙØ©Ø زعÙÙØ© ØÙØªØ ÙØ¬ÙØ§Ø Ø·Ø§Ø¦Ø±Ø ÙØ§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ© ÙÙÙØ¨Ø ÙØ°Ø±Ø§Ø¹ Ø¥ÙØ³Ø§Ù.<br><br>ت٠تÙÙ Ù٠بÙÙØ© Ù Ù ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙÙ ÙØ¸Ø§Ø¦Ù Ù٠أبعد ٠ا تÙÙÙ Ø¹Ù Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø§Ø¨Ù. ÙØ§ÙØÙت ÙØ³ØªØ®Ø¯Ù زعاÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø¨Ø§ØØ©Ø بÙÙ٠ا ØªØ³ØªØ®Ø¯Ù Ø§ÙØ·ÙÙØ± Ø£Ø¬ÙØØªÙØ§ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ·ÙØ±Ø§ÙØ ÙØªØ³ØªØ®Ø¯Ù اÙÙÙØ§Ø¨ أطراÙÙØ§ Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ© ÙÙ Ø§ÙØØ±ÙØ©. بÙÙ٠ا ÙØ³ØªØ®Ø¯Ù Ø§ÙØ¥Ùسا٠ذراعÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¥Ù Ø³Ø§Ù Ø¨Ø§ÙØ£Ø´Ùاء ÙØÙ ÙÙØ§Ø Ø¥ÙØ§ Ø£Ù ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙ٠اÙ٠ختÙÙØ© ت٠تÙÙ ÙÙ Ø·ÙØ§ ØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙÙØ§ ٠تشابÙÙØ§!</p>



<div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img src="https://trial.elakademiapost.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Ø§ÙØ§Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù-Ø§ÙØ§Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ©.jpg" class="wp-image-38009" /><figcaption>أذرع ÙØ§Ø¦Ùات ØÙØ© ٠ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙØ¸Ùر عظ٠ة ٠عÙÙØ© ÙÙ ÙÙØ³Ùا ÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات.</figcaption></figure></div>



<p>ÙÙ Ø§ÙØµÙرة اÙ٠رÙÙØ© Ø£Ø¹ÙØ§Ù ÙÙ ÙÙÙ Ù ÙØ§ØØ¸Ø© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø§Ø¨ÙØ ØÙØ« تتÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ© ÙÙØ°Ù اÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات Ø§ÙØ£Ø±Ø¨Ø¹Ø© ٠٠عظ٠ة ÙØ¨Ùرة ÙÙ٠عظ٠ة «Ø§Ùعضد-Humerus» (باÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¨Ø±ØªÙاÙÙ)Ø Ø«Ù Ø¹Ø¸Ù ØªÙÙ ÙÙ٠ا عظا٠«Ø§Ùساعد ÙØ§ÙØ²ÙØ¯-Radius and Ulna» (باÙÙÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£ØÙ ر ÙØ§ÙØ£Ø¨ÙØ¶)Ø Ø«Ù Ø¹Ø¯Ø¯ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¸Ø§Ù ÙÙ٠عظا٠«Ø§Ùرسغ-Carpals» (باÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£ØµÙر)Ø Ø«Ù ØªÙØªÙ٠ب «Ù شط اÙÙØ¯ ÙØ§Ùأصابع-Metacarpals and Phalanges» (باÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙ)Ø ÙÙ٠٠ا ÙØ¯Ù عÙÙ ØªØ·ÙØ± ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ÙÙ٠٠٠بÙÙØ© أبسط ÙÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ©. [3]<br><br>ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ Ù ÙØ§ØØ¸Ø© Ø£Ù٠عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ±ØºÙ Ù Ù Ø§Ù ØªÙØ§Ù ÙØ¸Ø§Ø¦Ù ٠ختÙÙØ© Ø¥ÙØ§ Ø£Ù ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ© ت٠تÙÙ ÙÙØ³ اÙÙÙ Ø· Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ ÙØ¨Ø§Ùطبع ÙÙØ§Ù Ø§Ø®ØªÙØ§Ùات ÙØªØ³Ø§Ø¹Ø¯ ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¦Ù عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªÙÙ٠٠ع Ø¨ÙØ¦ØªÙØ ÙÙØ±Ù أ٠عظا٠أصابع Ø§ÙØÙØª Ø·ÙÙÙØ© ÙØ³Ø¨ÙÙØ§ Ù ÙØ§Ø±ÙØ© بباÙ٠اÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات اÙ٠ذÙÙØ±Ø© ÙÙ Ø³Ø§Ø¹Ø¯ØªÙØ§ عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø¨Ø§ØØ©.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø±Ùات ÙØ£ØØ¯ Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر </h2>



<p>Ù٠ا ÙÙ Ø§ÙØØ§Ù Ù Ø¹ Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø§Ù ÙØ© ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø±ÙØ§ØªØ ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙ Ø£ÙØ¶Ùا ت٠تÙÙ ÙÙ Ø·ÙØ§ ØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙÙØ§ ٠تشابÙÙØ§ ÙÙ ÙØ§Ø¦Ùات ٠ختÙÙØ©.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img src="https://trial.elakademiapost.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Ø§ÙØ§Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù-Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙÙØ©.jpg" class="wp-image-38010" /><figcaption>Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ùات ØÙØ© ٠ختÙÙØ©</figcaption></figure></div>



<p>ÙÙ٠ا ÙÙØ§ØØ¸ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØµÙرة Ø£Ø¹ÙØ§ÙØ ÙØ¹ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ±ØºÙ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ§Ø®ØªÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ¸Ø§Ùر٠ÙÙÙ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø·Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ®ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙØ¥ÙØ³Ø§Ù ÙØ§ÙØ´ÙÙ Ø¨Ø§ÙØ²Ù ÙØ§ÙÙÙØ§Ø¨ ÙØ§ÙØ®ÙØ±Ø§Ù ÙØ§ÙØ£ØØµÙØ©Ø Ø¥ÙØ§ Ø£ÙÙØ§ ت٠تÙÙ ÙÙ Ø·ÙØ§ ÙØªÙÙ٠٠٠عظ٠ة ÙØ¨Ùرة ÙÙÙ «Ø¹Ø¸Ù Ø© اÙÙØ®Ø°-Femur»Ø ث٠عظ٠ة Ù٠اÙÙ ÙØªØµÙ ÙÙÙ «Ø§ÙØ±Ø¶ÙØ©-Patella»Ø ث٠عظ٠تÙÙ Ù٠ا «Ùصبة Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ù-Tibia»Ø ٫اÙÙØµØ¨Ø© Ø§ÙØµØºØ±Ù-Fibula». ÙÙ٠ا ÙØ¯ تÙÙÙ ÙØ§ØØ¸Øª ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ³Øª Ù ØªØ·Ø§Ø¨ÙØ©Ø إذ ØªÙØ¬Ø¯ Ø§Ø®ØªÙØ§Ùات بÙÙÙØ§ ÙØªÙاسب Ø¨ÙØ¦ØªÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙÙØ§ Ù٠اÙÙÙØ§ÙØ© تتبع ÙÙ Ø·ÙØ§ Ù ÙØØ¯ÙØ§. [4]</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">«Ø§ÙÙÙØ±Ø§Øª Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙÙØ© &#8211; Cervical vertebrae» ÙØ£ØØ¯ Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر </h2>



<p>Ø£ØØ¯ Ø£ÙØ«Ø± Ø§ÙØ£Ù ÙØ± إثارة ÙÙØ¯Ùشة Ù٠عدد اÙÙÙØ±Ø§Øª Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ«Ø¯ÙÙØ§ØªØ ØÙØ« ت٠تÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ«Ø¯ÙÙØ§Øª ÙÙØ³ ا٠7 ÙÙØ±Ø§Øª عÙÙÙØ© ٠رتبة Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø¹Ù٠إÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£Ø³ÙÙ (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7)Ø ÙÙØ°Ø§ Ø§ÙØ±Ù٠ثابت Ø³ÙØ§Ø¡ ÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙØ§Ù Ø§ÙØ«Ø¯ÙÙ ØÙØªÙØ§ Ø£Ù Ø²Ø±Ø§ÙØ© Ø£Ù Ø¥ÙØ³Ø§ÙÙØ§. ÙØ§ÙØ²Ø±Ø§ÙØ© Ø§ÙØ¨Ø§Ùغ Ø·Ù٠عÙÙÙØ§ 1.8 ٠تر ت٠تÙÙ ÙÙØ³ Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¯Ø¯ ٠٠اÙÙÙØ±Ø§Øª Ù٠عÙÙÙØ§ Ø§ÙØ°Ù Ù٠تÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¥ÙØ³Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙØ¨Ùغ Ù ØªÙØ³Ø· Ø·Ù٠عÙÙÙ 12 س٠. ÙØ´Ùر ÙØ°Ø§ Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø¥ÙÙ ÙØØ¯Ø© Ø§ÙØ£ØµÙ Ø§ÙØ°Ù تتشارÙÙ Ø§ÙØ«Ø¯ÙÙØ§ØªØ Ù٠ا ÙÙ ÙÙÙØ§ Ø§Ø¹ØªØ¨Ø§Ø±Ù Ø£ØØ¯ Ø§ÙØ£Ø¯ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© عÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر. ÙØ§ÙرÙ٠ثابت Ù Ù٠ا زاد Ø·ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙ Ø£Ù ÙØµØ±. [5]<br><br>ÙØªÙعد ÙÙ Ù Ù «ØÙÙØ§Ùات اÙÙØ³ÙاÙ-Sloths»Ø Ù«Ø®ÙØ±Ø§Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ØØ±-Mantees» ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ§Ø³ØªØ«Ùاءات اÙÙØÙØ¯Ø© اÙ٠عرÙÙØ© ÙÙØ°Ù اÙÙØ§Ø¹Ø¯Ø©. ÙÙ٠تÙÙ ØÙÙØ§Ù اÙÙØ³Ùا٠٠٠8 Ø¥ÙÙ 10 ÙÙØ±Ø§Øª عÙÙÙØ© ØØ³Ø¨ اÙÙÙØ¹ [6]Ø Ø¨ÙÙ٠ا ÙØ§ Ù٠تÙ٠خرÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¨ØØ± Ø±ÙØ¨Ø©Ø ØÙØ« Ù٠تÙÙ 6 ÙÙØ±Ø§Øª عÙÙÙØ© بدÙÙØ§ Ù Ù . ÙÙÙØ°Ø§ إ٠أراد Ø£Ù ÙØ¯Ùر خرÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¨ØØ± Ø±Ø£Ø³ÙØ عÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¯Ùرا٠بجسد٠بأÙÙ ÙÙ. [7]</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Ø§ÙØ³Ù٠اÙ٠شتر٠ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø±Ùات</h2>



<p>Ù٠ا ÙÙØ§ ÙØ¯ ÙØ§ÙØ´ÙØ§ ÙÙ <a href="https://trial.elakademiapost.com/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ù ÙØ§Ù سابÙ</a>Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø§ÙØ®Ø·ÙØ© Ø§ÙØ«Ø§ÙÙØ© ٠٠اÙÙ ÙÙØ¬ Ø§ÙØ¹Ù٠٠بعد اÙÙ Ø´Ø§ÙØ¯Ø© ÙÙ ÙØ¶Ø¹ اÙÙØ±Ø¶Ùات. ÙÙØ£Ù Ø§ÙØ®Ø·ÙØ© Ø§ÙØ«Ø§Ùثة ÙÙ Ø§ÙØªØ¬Ø±Ø¨Ø© ÙØ§Ø®ØªØ¨Ø§Ø± اÙÙØ±Ø¶ÙØ©Ø ÙÙØ°Ø§ Ù٠٠ا ØØ¯Ø« ٠ع ÙØ¸Ø±ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر Ø£ÙØ¶Ùا.<br><br>Ù٠ا ÙÙØ§ØØ¸ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ù Ø«ÙØ© اÙ٠ذÙÙØ±Ø© Ø£Ø¹ÙØ§ÙØ ÙÙØ§Ù ØµÙØ§Øª ØªØ´Ø±ÙØÙØ© Ù Ø´ØªØ±ÙØ© بÙ٠اÙÙÙØ§Ø±Ùات (ØªØØ¯ÙØ¯ÙØ§ Ù٠اÙÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹Ø¸Ù Ù). ØªØ¯ÙØ¹Ùا تÙÙ Ø§ÙØµÙات اÙÙ Ø´ØªØ±ÙØ© ÙØ§Ùتراض ØªØ·ÙØ± ÙØ°Ù اÙÙÙØ§Ø±Ùات ÙØ§ÙØØ¯Ø§Ø±Ùا ٠٠سÙ٠٠شترÙ. ÙØªÙد٠عاÙÙ Ø§ÙØ£ØÙاء Ø§ÙØ¥ÙجÙÙØ²Ù «Ø±Ùتشارد Ø£ÙÙÙ-Richard Owen» برس٠ÙÙ ÙØ°Ø¬ ÙÙØÙØ¯ ÙØ°Ù Ø§ÙØªØ±Ø§ÙÙØ¨ اÙÙ Ø´ØªØ±ÙØ© بÙ٠اÙÙÙØ§Ø±Ùات ÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ø¬ Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ§ [8]. ÙØ§ÙØ¬Ø¯ÙØ± Ø¨Ø§ÙØ°Ùر Ø£Ù Ø±ÙØªØ´Ø§Ø±Ø¯ Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØ¯Ø§Ø¹Ù ÙÙ ÙÙØ¸Ø±ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ·ÙØ±Ø Ø¥ÙØ§ Ø£ÙÙ Ø¨ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ø¬ ÙØ¯ÙÙ ÙÙØ¸Ø±ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ·Ùر خد٠ة عÙÙ ÙØ© Ù ÙÙ Ø©. ØÙØ« Ø§ÙØªÙØ´ÙØª ØÙØ±ÙØ© ÙÙ Ø§ÙØµÙ٠عا٠1999 ÙÙÙ ØÙØ±ÙØ© «ÙاÙÙÙØ¥ÙØ«ÙØ²-Haikouichthys» ÙØ³Ù ÙØ© عاشت Ù Ù 530 Ù ÙÙÙÙ Ø³ÙØ© ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ¹ØµØ± اÙÙØ§Ù بر٠[9]. Ø£Ø¸ÙØ±Øª Ø§ÙØÙØ±ÙØ© تشابÙÙØ§ ÙØ¨ÙØ±ÙØ§ بÙÙÙØ§ ÙØ¨ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØ°Ø¬ Ø£ÙÙÙØ ٠٠ا ÙØ¬Ø¹ÙÙØ§ Ø£ÙØ¯Ù Ø§ÙØ£Ø³Ùا٠اÙÙ ØØªÙ ÙØ© ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø±Ùات. [10]</p>



<div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img src="https://trial.elakademiapost.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/اÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ø¬-ÙØ§ÙØÙØ±ÙØ©.jpg" class="wp-image-38011" /><figcaption>ÙÙ ÙØ°Ø¬ Ø£ÙÙÙ Ù ÙØ§Ø±ÙØ©Ù Ø¨Ø§ÙØÙØ±ÙØ© اÙÙ ÙØªØ´ÙØ©</figcaption></figure></div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">اÙ٠صادر</h2>



<p>[1] <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/comparative-anatomy#:~:text=Comparative%20anatomy%2C%20the%20comparative%20study,of%20evolution%20from%20common%20ancestors.&;text=The%20skeletal%20structure%20of%20a,of%20a%20gorilla%20(right)." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">britannica</a><br>[2] <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/morphology-biology/Fundamental-concepts#ref498032" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">britannica</a><br>[3]the bones of the human and digits of fingers: <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/arm#:~:text=Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica%2C%20Inc.,-Arm&;text=The%20bones%20of%20the%20human,and%20digits%20in%20the%20fingers." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><mark>britannica</mark></a><br>[4] <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/leg-anatomy#:~:text=Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Britannica%2C%20Inc.,-Leg&;text=The%20bones%20of%20the%20human,%2C%20and%20phalanges%20(toes)." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">britannica</a><br>[5] <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/vertebral-column#ref241463" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">britannica</a><br>[6] <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/what-is-so-unusual-about-a-sloths-neck#:~:text=But%20almost%20every%20placental%20mammal,or%20even%20ten%20cervical%20vertebrae." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cambridge</a><br>[7] <a href="https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/manateeanatomy/#:~:text=Manatees%20don't%20have%20necks,move%20its%20entire%20body%20around." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceantoday</a><br>[8] <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/236233?seq=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jstor</a><br>[9] <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/504776.stm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bbc</a><br>[10] <a href="https://prehistoric-earth-a-natural-history.fandom.com/wiki/Haikouichthys#:~:text=Despite%20their%20tiny%20size%2C%20Haikouichthys%20was%20an%20evolutionary%20giant.&;text=They%20evolved%20a%20primitive%20backbone,than%20spineless%20animals%2C%20like%20Anomalocaris." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fandom</a><br><br></p>
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					<p>Ø£ØØ¨ اÙÙØ±Ø§Ø¡Ø© Ù٠تابعة Ø§ÙØ¹ÙÙÙ .</p>
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